spirSpiraeanthusSpiraeanthus3079-6245Институт ботаники и фитоинтродукции10.71130/3079-6245-2026-8-3-40-53spir-137Research ArticleСтатьиГлавное управление охраны природы и национальных парков Турции: институциональная структура, категории охраняемых природных территорий и эффективность управленияThe Directorate General of Nature Conservation and National Parks in Türkiye: Institutional Structure, Protected Area Designations, and Management EffectivenessOktanE.OktanE.oktan@ktu.edu.trAtarN.AtarN.Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of ForestryTurkeyArtvin Çoruh University, Faculty of ForestryTurkey202622102026034053Copyright © Oktan E., Atar N., 20262026Oktan E., Atar N.Oktan E., Atar N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.botsad.kz/jour/article/view/137

Главное управление охраны природы и национальных парков (DKMP) Турции указом Президента № 175 (Официальный вестник, 28 декабря 2024 года) было преобразовано из центрального подразделения министерства в подведомственное государственное учреждение со статусом юридического лица и специальным бюджетом при Министерстве сельского и лесного хозяйства. В данном структурированном обзоре рассматриваются: (i) историческое развитие и текущая организационная структура DKMP; (ii) правовая база семи национальных категорий охраняемых природных территорий (ОПТ), находящихся в ведении DKMP, их отличие от международных категорий (Рамсарские угодья) и инструментов планирования охраны природы (Ключевые орнитологические/биоразнообразные территории, КБТ), а также их ориентировочное соответствие категориям управления МСОП; и (iii) проблемы эффективности управления, выявленные в литературе. Обзор опирается на 36 источников, включая 20 рецензируемых журнальных статей, а также законодательство, официальную статистику и международные руководства. На единую отчетную дату (конец 2023 года) семь категорий под управлением DKMP включали 646 объектов общей (брутто) площадью 3,21 миллиона гектаров; из-за наложения охранных статусов эти площади нельзя суммировать для оценки общего охвата. Официальные данные, скорректированные с учетом наложений, для всех национальных категорий показывают, что в 2023 году под охраной находилось примерно 7,8% сухопутной территории Турции и 6,0% её морской акватории, что значительно ниже Цели 3 (30x30) Куньминско Монреальской глобальной рамочной программы в области биоразнообразия (KM GBF). Сложность управления, дублирование законных полномочий, отсутствие присвоенных категорий МСОП на уровне конкретных объектов, слабая экологическая связность и отсутствие систематической оценки эффективности управления являются основными выявленными структурными проблемами. Рекомендации касаются оценки по методологии МСОП на уровне отдельных ОПТ, анализа пробелов на основе данных о КБТ, репрезентативности и связности территорий, оценки эффективности управления, прозрачной статистики ОПТ и межведомственной координации.

The General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (DKMP) of Türkiye was reclassified by Presidential Decree No. 175 (Official Gazette, 28 December 2024) from a central ministerial unit to an affiliated public entity with legal personality and a special budget under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. This structured review examines (i) the historical development and current organizational structure of DKMP; (ii) the legal framework of the seven national protected area (PA) designations administered by DKMP, their distinction from international designations (Ramsar Sites) and conservation-planning tools (Key Biodiversity Areas, KBAs), and their indicative correspondence with IUCN management categories; and (iii) management effectiveness challenges identified in the literature. The review draws on 36 sources, including 20 peer-reviewed journal articles, together with legislation, official statistics and international guidance. At a common reporting date (end of 2023), the seven DKMP-administered designations comprised 646 sites with a gross area of 3.21 million hectares; because protection statuses overlap, gross areas cannot be summed to estimate coverage. Official overlap-corrected figures for all national designations indicate that approximately 7.8% of Türkiye's land area and 6.0% of its marine area were protected in 2023, well below Target 3 (30x30) of the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). Governance complexity, overlapping legal mandates, the absence of site-level IUCN category assignment, weak ecological connectivity and the lack of systematic management effectiveness evaluation are the primary structural problems identified. Recommendations address site-level IUCN assessment, KBA-informed gap analysis, representativeness and connectivity, management effectiveness evaluation, transparent PA statistics and inter-agency coordination.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.