Итоги интродукции голосеменных в Главном ботаническом саду г. Алматы

   This article provides a historical overview of the introduction of conifers to Kazakhstan and the results of long-term research on the introduction and acclimatization of gymnosperms at the Main Botanical Garden of Almaty, which plays a major role in the study of gymnosperms in Kazakhstan.

   The aim of this research is to study the biology of introduced species, develop methods for cultivating them in new conditions, and select species promising for Kazakhstan.

   During the initial testing, growth dynamics, seasonal development, morphogenesis of generative organs, seed production, winter hardiness, drought tolerance, and heat resistance were studied, and the suitability of individual species to the new conditions was determined. The study established a relationship between the introduction region and other floristic regions, and an analysis of the test results was provided. In a sharply continental climate, introduced species suffer from late spring (returning cold snaps) and early autumn frosts. For southern species introduced to Kazakhstan, which do not cease shoot growth until frost, this characteristic becomes fatal. Thus, gymnosperms tend to maintain their growth rhythm even when environmental conditions change. However, some species change their growth rate in new conditions (Pinus nigra Arnold., P. pallasiana Lamb., P. sylvestris L., and other species of the Pinaceae family). Most introduced plant species exhibit a relatively high adaptability to the extreme conditions of a sharply continental climate. North American conifers are particularly tolerant. Juniperus virginiana, eastern Platycladus, prickly spruce, ponderosa pine, and Crimean pine exhibit high ecological plasticity. Introduced exotic conifers are characterized by periodic seed production.

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